JBO'C's Historical Reference

Merv, the Queen of the World By Charles Marvin

Merv, the Queen of the World;
and the Scourge of the Man-stealing Turcomans. With an Exposition of the Khorassan Question:
By Charles Thomas Marvin, Published by W.H. Allen, 1881

CHAPTER III. THE ORIGIN OF THE Turkmen. WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE MINOR TRIBES.

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Page 61

 

THE SUMBAR REGION. 61
triangle flows the Atrek, which, in piercing the Elburz ridge and entering the triangle, draws to itself all the streams flowing from the various sides of the triangle. The Atrek, after cutting through the Elburz, flows for a considerable distance away from that ridge, and in this abandoned expanse between the river and the Elburz, rise the two sources of the Gorgon, forming a junction after a while, and, together with the rest of the waters of that stream, entering the Caspian 15 miles to the south of the Atrek. Seventy-five miles before issuing into the Caspian the Atrek is joined from the north by the Sumbar, its largest tributary, whose outline serves as a sort of limit to the mountains. Beyond the Sumbar, in the direction of the Caspian, the ground is a little more undulating, but the further one proceeds west the smoother it becomes, until, in the end, it is a regular plain with occasionally insignificant mounds, having, however, no connection with one another. In this manner, the whole of the triangle described, at first rocky, with a considerable inclination towards the east, gradually descends towards the west, and then, from the confluence of the Sumbar with the Atrek (at Fort Tchat) to the Caspian Sea, is a complete plain. All the spurs of the Kopet Dagh, bounding the triangle on the north, extend almost in parallels from east to west, thus protecting every stream from the cold north and north-east air-currents. The ridge of the Kopet Dagh, notwithstanding its relatively feeble height, also serves throughout its whole extent as a protection against cold winds to the locality lying south of it.

JBOC Note:  

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