JBO'C's Historical Reference

Erzurum Erzurum, Turkey maps.google.com

Erzurum, Turkey Also known as Karin, the ancient Theodosiopolis, called Karno Kaghak by the Armenians, and better known as Erzen-er-Rum or Erzurum and Erzerum.

Erzurum under the Mongols 1243

At this time (i.e., 1243) Ghiyath ud din Kai Khosru, son of Kai Kubad, had been its ruler for some years. As we have seen, he had married Thamar, the daughter of the Georgian Queen, Rusudan. Baichu first marched into that part of Armeniawhich was subject to the Seljuk, and attacked Karin, the ancient Theodosiopolis, called Karno Kaghak by the Armenians, and better known as Erzen-er-Rum or Erzurum, which W. de Nangis identifies with Uz, the land of Job. Its commander was Sinan ud din Yakut. Having invested it, they summoned the citizens to surrender. They refused, drove out their envoys, and jeered at them from the walls. The Mongols thereupon battered the ramparts with twelve catapults. They speedily destroyed its churches and monasteries, made a general massacre of its inhabitants, and then pillaged and fired it. It had a numerous population of Christians and Mussulmans, and many peasants from the country round had also sheltered there. Inter alia, the Mongols captured a great number of bibles, martyrologies, and liturgical books, delicately written in letters of gold, which they sold at a small price to their Armenian and Georgian allies, who sent them as presents to the churches and monasteries in their own country. These Christian auxiliaries also redeemed many men, women, and children, bishops, priests, and deacons, and we read that Prince Avak, Shahan Shah, and Akbuka, son of Vahram, Gregory of Khachen, son of Tuph, who was sister to the great Atabegs Ivaneh and Zakaria, as well as their troops, gave their freedom to their captives, and allowed them to go where they pleased. The Mongols not only sacked the town, but also a number of the surrounding districts. The Sultan of Rum did nothing to help them, but hid away in fear, and it was even said he was dead. The Mongols withdrew with their booty to spend the winter in their rendezvous on the plain of Moghan.
History of the Mongols From The 9th to the 19th Century. Part III. The Mongols of Persia. By Henry H. Howorth, M.P. Longmans, Green, And Co and New York: 15 East 16th Street. 1888.

Erzurum in 1877

Erzurum, an important town in Turkish Armenia, in 39° 55' N. fat., and 4P 20' E. long., not far from the Kara-Su, or western source of the Euphrates. It is situated on a high but tolerably well cultivated plain, 6200 feet above the level of the sea, surrounded by mountains. The climate is cold in winter, but hot and dry in summer. Erzurum is the residence of English, Russian, German, and French consular agents; and its population is estimated at 40,000, consisting of 30,000 Turks, 8000 Armenians, and 2000 Persians, who carry on a brisk trade, and have thus attained to a degree of prosperity unusual in the East. The copper and iron wares of Erzurum have acquired a wide celebrity. Situated at the junction of the important highways leading from Trebizond, Transcaucasia, Persia, Kurdistan, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia, Erzurum forms an entrepôt of commerce between Europe on the one hand and the interior of Asia, and particularly Persia, on the other. The streets, the houses of which are built chiefly of volcanic stone cemented with mud, are narrow, crooked, and filthy; and ruins of fortifications and of buildings formerly magnificent everywhere meet the eye. The town consists of the fortress, strictly so called, and four suburbs. The fortress, which is enclosed by a high wall, has, on the west, a citadel (El-Kal'a), with many curious monuments, and a mosque of Christian origin. The fortress also contains fifteen other mosques, the residence of the chief-magistrate, some caravanserais, and a few elegant houses belonging to the higher order of officials and Mohammedan merchant. The suburbs boast twenty-four mosques, several Armenian churches, and a number of large bazaars and caravanserais. Erzurum imports shawls, silk goods, cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo, &c., and exports corn, sheep and cattle, horses, mules, and gall-nuts. The principal trades carried on are tanning, dyeing morocco leather, and blacksmiths' and coppersmiths' work. But since Russian Transcaucasia has provided a safe trade-route to Persia, the prosperity of Erzurum has greatly suffered. It was first conquered by the Arabs in 700, but retaken by the Byzantines fifty years later. After various vicissitudes, it fell into the hands of the Seljuk; the Mongols took it in 1241; and finally, in 1517, it passed into the possession of the Turks. It still, however, continued to be the most important city in the country, and at the commencement of the 19th century had a population of 100,000 inhabitants. In the war or 1829, between the Turks and Russians, the taking of Erzurum by Paskevitch decided the campaign in Asia. Erzurum was an important military centre during the wars of 1854- 55 and 1877-78, and much hard fighting was done in its neighborhood. In December 1877 the Russians closed round the city, already hard pressed, and reduced its defenders to the utmost distress; in February 1878 it was surrendered to Russia, who held it till October, when it was restored to the Turks. See Curzon, Armenia (1854); Norman, Armenia and the 1877 Campaign (1878).

 

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